Ammer C (1996) Impact of ungulates on structure and dynamics of natural regeneration of mixed mountain forests in the Bavarian Alps. For Ecol Manag 88(1–2):43–53
Article
Google Scholar
Ammer C, Bickel E, Kölling C (2008) Converting Norway spruce stands with beech-a review of arguments and techniques. Aust J Forensic Sci 125(1):3–26
Google Scholar
Amorosos MM, Turnblom EC (2006) Comparing productivity of pure and mixed Douglas-fir and western hemlock plantations in the Pacific Northwest. Can J For Res 36:1484–1496
Article
Google Scholar
Assmann E (1970) The principles of forest yield study. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Google Scholar
Bauhus J, Forrester DI, Gardiner B, Jactel H, Vallejo R, Pretzsch H (2017a) Ecological Stability of Mixed-Species Forests. In: Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds) Mixed-species forests. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Bauhus J, Forrester DI, Pretzsch H, Felton A, Pyttel P, Benneter A (2017b) Silvicultural Options for Mixed-Species Stands. In: Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds) Mixed-species forests. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Bauhus J, Messier C (1999) Soil exploitation strategies of fine roots in different tree species of the southern boreal forest of eastern Canada. Can J For Res 29(2):260–273
Google Scholar
Bayer D, Seifert S, Pretzsch H (2013) Structural crown properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in mixed versus pure stands revealed by terrestrial laser scanning. Trees 27(4):1035–1047
Article
Google Scholar
Biber P, Borges JG, Moshammer R, Barreiro S, Botequim B, Brodrechtova Y, Eriksson LO (2015) How sensitive are ecosystem services in European forest landscapes to silvicultural treatment? Forests 6(5):1666–1695
Article
Google Scholar
Bielak K, Dudzinska M, Pretzsch H (2014) Mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) can be more productive than monocultures. Evidence from over 100 years of observation of long-term experiments. For Syst 23(3):573–589
Google Scholar
Binkley D, Kashian DM, Boyden S, Kaye MW, Bradford JB, Arthur MA, Fornwalt PJ, Ryna MG (2006) Patterns of growth dominance in forests of the Rocky Mountains, USA. For Ecol Manag 236(2):193–201
Article
Google Scholar
Bruciamacchie M (2006) Le marteloscope, un outil pour apprendre la gestion durable – exemple d’évaluation de différents scénarios au marteloscope de Zittersheim (Vosges du Nord). In: Valauri D, André J, Dodelin B, Eynard Machet R, Rambaud D (eds) Bois mort et à cavités – une clé pour des forêts vivantes. Lavoisier, Paris
Google Scholar
Buongiorno J (2001) Generalization of Faustmanns formula for stochastic forest growth and prices with Markov decision process models. For Sci 47(4):466–474
Google Scholar
Buongiorno J, Michie BR (1980) A matrix model of uneven-aged forest management. For Sci 26(4):609–625
Google Scholar
Burkhart HE, Tomé M (2012) Modeling forest trees and stands. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht
Book
Google Scholar
Burschel P, Huss J (1987) Grundriß des Waldbaus. Pareys Studientexte 49, Hamburg, Berlin
Google Scholar
Carnol M, Baeten L, Branquart E, Grégoire JC, Heughebaert A, Muys B, Verheyen K (2014) Ecosystem services of mixed species forest stands and monocultures: comparing practitioners’ and scientists’ perceptions with formal scientific knowledge. Forestry 87(5):639–653
Article
Google Scholar
Clatterbuck WK, Oliver CD, Burkhardt EC (1987) The silvicultural potential of mixed stands of cherrybark oak and American sycamore: spacing is the key. South J Appl For 11:158–161
Google Scholar
Courbaud B, Goreaud F, Dreyfus P, Bonnet FR (2001) Evaluating thinning strategies using a tree distance dependent growth model: some examples based on the CAPSIS software “uneven-aged spruce forests” module. For Ecol Manag 145(1):15–28
Article
Google Scholar
Dănescu A, Albrecht AT, Bauhus J (2016) Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed, uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany. Oecologia 182(2):319–333
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eichhorn F (1902) Ertragstafeln für die Weißtanne. Verlag Julius Springer, Berlin
Book
Google Scholar
Forrester DI (2014) The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: from pattern to process. For Ecol Manag 312:282–292
Article
Google Scholar
Forrester DI (2017) Ecological and Physiological Processes in Mixed Versus Monospecific Stands. In: Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds): Mixed-species forests. Berlin: Springer.
Google Scholar
Forrester DI, Bauhus J, Cowie AL, Mitchell PA, Brockwell J (2007) Productivity of three young mixed-species plantations containing N2-fixing Acacia and non-N2-fixing Eucalyptus and Pinus trees in Southeastern Australia. For Sci 53(3):426–434
Google Scholar
Forrester DI, Bauhus J, Cowie AL, Vanclay JK (2006) Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen-fixing trees: a review. For Ecol Manag 233:211–230
Article
Google Scholar
Forrester DI, Pretzsch H (2015) Tamm Review: On the strength of evidence when comparing ecosystem functions of mixtures with monocultures. For Ecol Manag 356:41–53
Article
Google Scholar
Forrester DI, Tachauer IHH, Annighoefer P, Barbeito I, Pretzsch H, Ruiz-Peinado R, Stark H, Vacchiano G, Zlatanov T, Chakraborty T, Saha S, Sileshi GW (2017) Generalized biomass and leaf area allometric equations for European tree species incorporating stand structure, tree age and climate. For Ecol Manag 396:160–175
Article
Google Scholar
Forrester DI, Tang X (2016) Analysing the spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests and the effects of stand density using the 3-PG model. Ecol Model 319:233–254
Article
Google Scholar
Gadow K (1996) Modelling growth in managed forests—realism and limits of lumping. Sci Total Environ 183(1–2):167–177
Article
Google Scholar
Gadow K, Hui G (2001) Modelling forest development Vol. 57. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht
Google Scholar
Gadow K, Zhang CY, Zhao XH (2009) Science-based forest design. Math Comp For Nat Res Sci 1(1):14
Google Scholar
Gaiser RN (1952) Root channels and roots in forest soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 16(1):62–65
Article
Google Scholar
Gayer K (1886) Der gemischte Wald [The mixed forest]. Seine Begründung und Pflege, insbesondere durch Horst- und Gruppenwirtschaft. Parey, Berlin
Google Scholar
Goisser M, Geppert U, Rötzer T, Paya A, Huber A, Kerner R, Bauerle T, Pretzsch H, Pritsch K, Häberle KH, Matyssek R, Grams TEE (2016) Does belowground interaction with Fagus sylvatica increase drought susceptibility of photosynthesis and stem growth in Picea abies? For Ecol Manag 375:268–278
Article
Google Scholar
Greene DF, Zasada JC, Sirois L, Kneeshaw D, Morin H, Charron I, Simard MJ (1999) A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species. Can J For Res 29(6):824–839
Article
Google Scholar
Grossiord C, Gessler A, Granier A, Pollastrini M, Bussotti F, Bonal D (2014a) Interspecific competition influences the response of oak transpiration to increasing drought stress in a mixed Mediterranean forest. For Ecol Manag 318:54–61
Article
Google Scholar
Grossiord C, Granier A, Ratcliffe S, Bouriaud O, Bruelheide H, Chećko E, Scherer-Lorenzen M (2014b) Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(41):14812–14815
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hanewinkel M (2001) Economic aspects of the transformation from even-aged pure stands of Norway spruce to uneven-aged mixed stands of Norway spruce and beech. For Ecol Manag 151(1):181–193
Article
Google Scholar
Hasenauer H, Kindermann G, Steinmetz P (2006) The tree growth model MOSES 3.0. In: Hasenauer H (ed) Sustainable forest management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Chapter
Google Scholar
Hector A, Bagchi R (2007) Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 448:188–190
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holvoet B, Muys B (2004) Sustainable forest management worldwide: a comparative assessment of standards. Int For Rev 6(2):99–122
Google Scholar
Hynynen J, Ahtikoski A, Siitonen J, Sievänen R, Liski J (2005) Applying the MOTTI simulator to analyse the effects of alternative management schedules on timber and non-timber production. For Ecol Manag 207(1):5–18
Article
Google Scholar
Jensen M E, Everett R (1994) An overview of ecosystem management principles. In: Jensen ME, Bourgeron PS (eds), Vol II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications, Portland
Juchheim J, Annighöfer P, Ammer C, Calders K, Raumonen P, Seidel D (2017) How management intensity and neighborhood composition affect the morphology of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees. Trees, doi:10.1007/s00468-017-1581-z
Jucker T, Bouriaud O, Coomes DA (2015) Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed-species forests. Funct Ecol 29(8):1078–1086
Article
Google Scholar
Kelty MJ (1992) Comparative productivity of monocultures and mixed stands. In: Kelty MJ, Larson BC, Oliver CD (eds) The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Chapter
Google Scholar
Knapp E (1991) Zur Wuchsleistung der Unterbaubuche im ungleichaltrigen Kiefern-Buchen-Mischbestand vor und nach ihrer Übernahme als Hauptbestand auf Standorten des nordostdeutschen Tieflandes. Deutscher Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten, Sektion Ertragskunde Jahrestagung, Treis-Karden
Google Scholar
Knoke T (2017) Economics of mixed forests. In: Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds) Mixed-species forests. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Knoke T, Ammer C, Stimm B, Mosandl R (2008) Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics. Eur J For Res 127(2):89–101
Article
Google Scholar
Kuuluvainen T (2009) Forest management and biodiversity conservation based on natural ecosystem dynamics in northern Europe: the complexity challenge. Ambio 38(6):309–315
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lewis EG (1942) On the generation and growth of a population. Sankhya 6(1):93–96
Google Scholar
Liang J, Buongiorno J, Monserud RA (2006) WestProPlus: a stochastic spreadsheet program for the management of all-aged Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland
Book
Google Scholar
Liang J, Crowther TW, Picard N, Wiser S, Zhou M, Alberti G, Schulze E-D, McGuire AD, Bozzato F, Pretzsch H, de-Miguel S, Paquette A, Hérault B, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Barrett CB, Glick HB, Hengeveld GM, Nabuurs G-J, Pfautsch S, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Ammer C, Schall P, Verbyla D, Tchebakova N, Fischer M, Watson JV, HYH C, Lei X, Schelhaas M-J, Lu H, Gianelle D, Parfenova EI, Salas C, Lee E, Lee B, Kim HS, Bruelheide H, Coomes DA, Piotto D, Sunderland T, Schmid B, Gourlet-Fleury S, Sonké B, Tavani R, Zhu J, Brandl S, Vayreda J, Kitahara F, Searle EB, Neldner VJ, Ngugi MR, Baraloto C, Frizzera L, Bałazy R, Oleksyn J, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Bouriaud O, Bussotti F, Finér L, Jaroszewicz B, Jucker T, Valladares F, Jagodzinski AM, Peri PL, Gonmadje C, Marthy W, O’Brien T, Martin EH, Marshall AR, Rovero F, Bitariho R, Niklaus PA, Alvarez-Loayza P, Chamuya N, Valencia R, Mortier F, Wortel V, Engone-Obiang NL, Ferreira LV, Odeke DE, Vasquez RM, Lewis SL, Reich PB (2016) Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 354(6309). doi:10.1126/science.aaf8957
Liang J, Picard N (2013) Matrix model of forest dynamics: An overview and outlook. For Sci 59(3):359–378
Google Scholar
Liang J, Zhou M, Tobin PC, McGuire AD, Reich PB (2015) Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche-efficiency. PNAS 112(18):5738–5743
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Metz J, Annighöfer P, Schall P, Zimmermann J, Kahl T, Schulze E-D, Ammer C (2016) Site-adapted admixed tree species reduce drought susceptibility of mature European beech. Glob Chang Biol 22:903–920
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Metz J, Seidel D, Schall P, Scheffer D, Schulze ED, Ammer C (2013) Crown modeling by terrestrial laser scanning as an approach to assess the effect of aboveground intra-and interspecific competition on tree growth. For Ecol Manag 310:275–288
Article
Google Scholar
Nagel J, Schmidt M (2006) The silvicultural decision support system BWINPro. In: Hasenauer H (ed) Sustainable Forest Management growth models for Europe. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Newton PF (1997) Stand density management diagrams: Review of their development and utility in stand-level management planning. For Ecol Manag 98(3):251–265
Article
Google Scholar
Oliver CD, Larson B (1996) Forest Stand Dynamics. Wiley, New York
Google Scholar
Oliver CD, O’Hara KL (2004) Effects of restoration at the stand level. In: Stanturf JA (ed) Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. CRC Press, New York
Google Scholar
Peck JE, Zenner EK, Brang P, Zingg A (2014) Tree size distribution and abundance explain structural complexity differentially within stands of even-aged and uneven-aged structure types. Eur J For Res 133(2):335–346
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H (2014) Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. For Ecol Manag 327:251–264
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H (2016) Ertragstafel-Korrekturfaktoren für Umwelt- und Mischungseffekte. AFZ Der Wald 14:47–50
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Biber P (2016) Tree species mixing can increase maximum stand density. Can J For Res 46(10):1179–1193
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Ďurský J (2002) The single tree-based stand simulator SILVA: construction, application and evaluation. For Ecol Manage 162(1):3–21
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Uhl E, Dauber E (2015a) Long-term stand dynamics of managed spruce–fir–beech mountain forests in Central Europe: structure, productivity and regeneration success. Forestry 88(4):407–428
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Bielak K, Bruchwald A (2013) Species mixing and productivity of forests. Results from long-term experiments. German title: Mischung und Produktivität von Waldbeständen. Ergebnisse langfristiger ertragskundlicher Versuche. Allg Forst- und Jagdztg 184:177–196
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, del Rio M, Schütze G, Ch A, Annighöfer P, Avdagic A, Barbeito I, Bielak K, Brazaitis G, Coll L, Drössler L, Fabrika M, Forrester DI, Kurylyak V, Löf M, Lombardi F, Matovic B, Mohren F, Motta R, den Ouden J, Pach M, Ponette Q, Skzyszewski J, Sramek V, Sterba H, Svoboda M, Verheyen K, Zlatanov T, Bravo-Oviedo A (2016a) Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, and the effect increases with water availability. For Ecol Manag 373:149–166
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Forrester DI (2017) Stand dynamics of mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. In: Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds) Mixed-species forests. Springer, Berlin
Chapter
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Bauhus J (eds) (2017) Mixed-species forests, ecology and management. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Forrester DI, Rötzer T (2015b) Representation of species mixing in forest growth models. A review and perspective. Ecol Model 313:276–292
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Grote R, Reineking B, Rötzer T, Seifert S (2008) Models for forest ecosystem management: A European perspective. Ann Bot 101:1065–1087
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Block J, Dieler J, Dong PH, Kohnle U, Nagel J, Spellmann H, Zingg A (2010) Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient. Ann For Sci 67:712.
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Rais A (2016) Wood quality in complex forests versus even-aged monocultures: review and perspectives. Wood Sci Technol 50(4):845–880
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Schütze G (2015) Effect of tree species mixing on the size structure, density, and yield of forest stands. Eur J For Res 135(1):1–22
Article
Google Scholar
Pretzsch H, Schütze G, Biber P (2016b) Zum Einfluss der Baumartenmischung auf die Ertragskomponenten von Waldbeständen. Allg Forst- und Jagdztg 187(7/8):122–135
Google Scholar
Prieto I, Armas C, Pugnaire FI (2012) Water release through plant roots: new insights into its consequences at the plant and ecosystem level. New Phytol 193(4):830–841
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Puettmann KJ, Ammer C (2007) Trends in North American and European regeneration research under the ecosystem management paradigm. Eur J For Res 126(1):1–9
Article
Google Scholar
Puettmann KJ, Wilson SM, Baker SC, Donoso PJ, Drössler L, Amente G, Putz FE (2015) Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management-what limits global adoption? For Ecosyst 2(1):8
Article
Google Scholar
Puhe J (2003) Growth and development of the root system of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in forest stands—a review. For Ecol Manag 175(1):253–273
Article
Google Scholar
Richards AE, Forrester DI, Bauhus J, Scherer-Lorenzen M (2010) The influence of mixed tree plantations on the nutrition of individual species: a review. Tree Physiol 30(9):1192–1208
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rojo A, Diéguez-Aranda U, Rodríguez-Soalleiro R, Gadow K (2005) Modelling silvicultural and economic alternatives for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations in north-western Spain. Forestry 78(4):385–401
Article
Google Scholar
Rötzer T, Seifert T, Pretzsch H (2009) Modelling above and below ground carbon dynamics in a mixed beech and spruce stand influenced by climate. Eur J For Res 128(2):171–182
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (2005) Forest diversity and function, Ecol Studies vol 176. Springer, Berlin
Book
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Böckmann T, Nagel J (2006) The use of tree models for silvicultural decision making. In: Hasenauer H (ed) Sustainable Forest Management growth models for Europe. Springer, Berlin
Google Scholar
Schmithüsen F (2007) Multifunctional forestry practices as a land use strategy to meet increasing private and public demands in modern societies. J For Sci 53(6):290–298
Google Scholar
Schröpfer R, Utschig H, Zanker T (2009) Das Fichten-Konzept der BaySF. LWF aktuell 68:7
Google Scholar
Schuck A, Kraus D, Krumm F, Held A, Schmitt H (2015) Integrate+ Marteloscopes – Calibrating silvicultural decision making. Integrate+ Technical Paper No. 1
Google Scholar
Schütz JP (1997) Sylviculture 2. In: La gestion des forets irrégulières et mélangées. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne
Google Scholar
Stone EL, Kalisz PJ (1991) On the maximum extent of tree roots. For Ecol Manag 46(1–2):59–102
Article
Google Scholar
Thurm EA, Biber P, Pretzsch H (2017) Stem growth is favored at expenses of root growth in mixed stands and humid conditions for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Trees 31(1):349–365
Article
Google Scholar
Thurnher C, Klopf M, Hasenauer H (2011) Forests in transition: a harvesting model for uneven-aged mixed species forests in Austria. Forestry 84(5):517–526
Article
Google Scholar
Usher MB (1966) A matrix approach to the management of renewable resources, with special reference to selection forests. J Appl Ecol 3:355–367
Article
Google Scholar
Utschig H, Neufanger M, Zanker T (2011) Das 100-Baum-Konzept als Einstieg für Durchforstungsregeln in Mischbeständen. AFZ-Der Wald 21:4–6
Google Scholar
Vallet P, Perot T (2016) Tree diversity effect on dominant height in temperate forest. For Ecol Manag 38:106–114
Article
Google Scholar
Weiskittel AR, Hann DW, Kershaw JA Jr, Vanclay JK (2011) Forest growth and yield modeling. Wiley, Chichester
Book
Google Scholar
Wellhausen K, Heym M, Pretzsch H (2017) Mischbestände aus Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (KARST.) L.): Ökologie, Ertrag und waldbauliche Behandlung. Allg Forst- und Jagdztg 188(1/2):3–34
Google Scholar
Wiedemann E (1951) Ertragskundliche und waldbauliche Grundlagen der Forstwirtschaft. Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main
Google Scholar
Zeide B (1985) Tolerance and self-tolerance of trees. For Ecol Manag 13:149–166
Article
Google Scholar
Zeller L, Ammer C, Annighöfer P (2017) Tree ring wood density of Scots pine and European beech lower in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. For Ecol Manag 400:363–374
Article
Google Scholar
Zenner EK (2016) Managing Central Hardwood forests within the context of the historic range of variability (HRV): challenges and opportunities. In: Greenberg CH, Collins BS (eds) Natural Disturbances and Historic range of Variation, Managing Forest Ecosystems vol 32. Springer International, Switzerland
Google Scholar
Zenner EK, Heggenstaller DJ, Brose PH, Peck JE, Steiner KC (2012) Reconstructing the competitive dynamics of mixed-oak neighborhoods. Can J For Res 42:1714–1723
Article
Google Scholar
Zenner EK, Lähde E, Laiho O (2011) Contrasting the temporal dynamics of stand structure in even-and uneven-sized Picea abies dominated stands. Can J For Res 41(2):289–299
Article
Google Scholar
Zenner EK, Puettmann KJ (2008) Contrasting release approaches for a mixed paper birch (Betula papyrifera)/quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) stand. North J Appl For 25(3):124–132
Google Scholar
Zenner EK, Puettmann KJ, Krueger JA (2005) Early growth and vigor response of naturally regenerated eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) to overstory aspen density and pathological pruning. North J Appl For 22:27–34
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Chen HYH (2015) Individual size inequality links forest diversity and above-ground biomass. J Ecol 103:1245–1252
Article
Google Scholar