Table 2 DFs for energy substitution identified in scientific literature

Fortin et al. (2012)

France

Domestic energy wood and industrial wood pellets replace electricity and oil

0.076

Mg/m³ of C eq.

Fortin et al. (2012)

France

Wood pellets

0.126

Mg/m³ of C eq.

Böttcher et al. (2012)

Germany

Substituting heating oil by biomass

0.8

Fossil fuel-C substituted/tonne biofuel-C harvested

Smyth et al. (2014)

Canada

Domestic bioenergy

−0.08–0. 79

Mg C/Mg C

Smyth et al. (2014)

Canada

International bioenergy

0.6

Mg C/Mg C

Knauf et al. (2015)

Germany

Fuel substitution

0.67

t C/t C

Soimakallio et al. (2016)

Finland

Substitution factor for paper products (fossil fuel substitution)

0.8

t C/t C

Soimakallio et al. (2016)

Finland

Substitution factor for paperboard products (plastics, fossil fuel substitution)

1.40

t C/t C

Soimakallio et al. (2016)

Finland

Substitution factor for energy and post-used mechanical wood products (fossil fuel substitution)

0.47–0.89

t C/t C

Knauf (2016)

Germany

Fuel substitution

0.67

t C/t C

Knauf et al. (2016)

Germany

Fuel substitution

0.67

t C/t C

Han et al. (2016)

South Korea

Sawnwood and industrial roundwood substituting fossil fuels for heating purposes

0.076

Mg/m³ C eq.

Han et al. (2016)

South Korea

Wood pellets and industrial roundwood substituting fossil fuels for heating purposes

0.126

Mg/m³ C eq.

Matsumoto et al. (2016)

Japan

Logging residues, process residues and waste wood; Substitution of residues and waste wood for heavy oil kg

108.9

kg C/m³

Cintas et al. (2016)

Sweden

Forest-based bioenergy

0.55–1.27

Mg of fossil C is displaced/Mg of C in biomass used

Smyth et al. (2017a)

Canada

Bioenergy from harvest residues

0–2

t C/t C

Härtl et al. (2017)

Germany

Timber used in energy production

0.67

t C_fossil/t C_timber

Smyth et al. (2017b)

Canada

Bioenergy using an optimized selection of bioenergy facilities which maximized avoided emissions from fossil fuels.

0.47–0.89

t C/t C

Ji et al. (2016)

China

Substitute for Coal

0.96

t C/t C

Ji et al. (2016)

China

Substitute for Oil

0.79

t C/t C

Ji et al. (2016)

China

Substitute for Natural Gas

0.56

t C/t C

Baul et al. (2017)

Finland

Energy biomass

0.5

t C/t C

Suter et al. (2017)

Switzerland

Heat replacing light fuel oil

0.55

t CO₂-eq/m³

Suter et al. (2017)

Switzerland

Heat replacing natural gas

0.32

t CO₂-eq/m³

Suter et al. (2017)

Switzerland

Electricity mix CH

0.12

t CO₂-eq/m³ wood

Schweinle et al. (2018)

Germany

Displacement of fossil fuel with wood fuel

0.67

t C/t C

Chen et al. (2018)

Canada

Wood used to produce energy for the HWP industry reduced fossil fuel-based emissions

2.00

t CO₂ eq/t C in wood

Smyth et al. (2018)

Canada

Collected harvest residues for bioenergy, energy demand and displacement factors two forest management unit

0.38, 0.95

t C/t C

Köhl et al. (2020)

Germany

Lignite substitution in order to achieve carbon neutrality

1.9

t C/t C

Köhl et al. (2020)

Germany

Gas substitution in order to achieve carbon neutrality

2.5

t C/t C

Hurmekoski et al. (2020)

Finland

Wood use replacing CHP of fossil origin

0.7

t C/t C

Hurmekoski et al. (2020)

Finland

Wood-based transport fuel replacing diesel

0.63

t C/t C

Hurmekoski et al. (2020)

Finland

Wood-based ethanol replacing transport fuel

0.7

t C/t C