Table 3 Displacement factors for construction
Construction DFs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors | Country | Description | DF | Unit |
Buchanan and Levine (1999) | New Zealand | Concrete to wood, hostel | 1.05 | Reduced emission carbon by the increase in stored carbon |
Buchanan and Levine (1999) | New Zealand | Concrete to wood, office | 1.10 | Reduced emission carbon by the increase in stored carbon |
Buchanan and Levine (1999) | New Zealand | Steel to wood, industry | 1.60 | Reduced emission carbon by the increase in stored carbon |
Buchanan and Levine (1999) | New Zealand | Concrete, steel to wood, houses | 2.1–15 | Reduced emission carbon by the increase in stored carbon |
Fortin et al. (2012) | France | Truss and flooring | 0.169 | Mg/m3 of C eq. |
Fortin et al. (2012) | France | Exterior cladding | 0.024 | Mg/m3 of C eq. |
Fortin et al. (2012) | France | Interior coverings | 0.024 | Mg/m3 of C eq. |
Fortin et al. 2012) | France | Other end-use products | 0.024 | Mg/m3 of C eq. |
Böttcher et al. (2012) | Germany | Building construction (Picea) | 0.24 | t fossil fuel-C substituted/t of wood-C harvested |
Böttcher et al. (2012) | Germany | Building construction (Fagus) | 0.16 | t fossil fuel-C substituted/t of wood-C harvested |
Chen et al. (2014) | Canada | Wood replacing houses with fossil raw materials (steel, concrete) | 2.40 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Roundwood (poles, fences, buildings, also treated) vs. steel, concrete, aluminum | 2.40 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Softwood lumber, sawn, wet, for packaging concrete shuttering vs. plastics (foils, 3-D elements) | 1.80 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Softwood lumber, planned and dried for building Purposes | 1.40 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Softwood based glued timber products (glue-lam, CLT) vs. | 1.30 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Plywood, also overlaid vs. aluminum profiles, glass-fiber plastic | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wood-based panels like particleboard, MDF, OSB (for walls, ceilings, roofs) vs. gypsum board, plaster, concrete, brick type walls | 1.1 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | DIY products like lumber, panels, profile boards vs. mineral | 1.35 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden flooring (one layer, multi layers), laminate flooring vs. ceramic tiles, plastic flooring, wall to wall carpet | 1.35 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Doors (interior, exterior) – only framing/construction vs. steel, aluminum, PVC | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden window frames vs. PVC, aluminum | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden furniture (solid wood) vs. glass, plastic, metal | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden furniture (panel based) vs. glass, plastics, metal | 1.42 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden kitchen furniture vs. glass, plastics, metal | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Knauf et al. (2015) | Germany | Wooden transportation products vs. plastic, metal | 1.62 | t C/t C |
Kayo et al. (2015) | Japan | Building construction: substitution of wooden buildings for non-wooden buildings | 60.56 | kg C/m2 |
Kayo et al. (2015) | Japan | Civil engineering: substitution of wooden piles for cement and sand piles | 46.77 | kg C/m3 |
Kayo et al. (2015) | Japan | Civil engineering: substitution of wooden guardrails for metal guardrails | 64.48 | kg C/m3 |
Kayo et al. (2015) | Japan | Furniture: substitution of wooden furniture for metal furniture | 43.17 | kg C/m3 |
Nepal et al. (2016) | United States | Extra wood products used in nonresidential construction buildings | 2.03 | Ton CO2e/t CO2e |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Core and shell 2010 | 1.58 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Core and shell 2030 | 1.25 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Insulation 2010 | −0.40 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Insulation 2030 | −0.32 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Windows 2010 | 5.53 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Windows 2030 | 4.42 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Claddings 2010 | 0.9 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Claddings 2030 | 0.72 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. 2016) | Europe | Laminates 2010 | 1.52 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Laminates 2030 | 1.22 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Parquets 2010 | −0.0164 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Rüter et al. (2016) | Europe | Parquets 2030 | −0.0131 | kg CO2-eq./kg HWP |
Matsumoto et al. (2016) | Japan | Sawnwood and plywood; substitution of wooden buildings for non-wooden buildings | 301.30 | kg C/m3 |
Matsumoto et al. (2016) | Japan | Roundwood and sawnwood; substitution of wooden piles for cement and sand piles | 46.8 | kg C/m3 |
Matsumoto et al. (2016) | Japan | Roundwood and sawnwood; substitution of wooden guardrails for metal guardrails | 64.5 | kg C/m3 |
Matsumoto et al. (2016) | Japan | Sawnwood and plywood; substitution of wooden furniture for metal furniture | 43.2 | kg C/m3 |
Geng et al. (2017b) | China | Ceramic tile replaced with wood flooring | 0.17–0.78 | tC/m3 |
Härtl et al. (2017) | Germany | Timber as sawnlogs used in construction | 1.66 | t Cfossil/t Ctimber |
Xu et al. (2018) | Canada | Sawnwood for single-family home, multi-family home, and multi-use building | 2.10 | t C/t C |
Xu et al. (2018) | Canada | Panels for single-family home, multi-family home, and multi-use building | 2.20 | t C/t C |
Chen et al. (2018) | Canada | Residential contruction | 9.56 | t CO2 eq emissions reduced per tonne of C |
Chen et al. (2018) | Canada | Non-residential construction | 3.64 | t CO2 eq emissions reduced per tonne of C |
Geng et al. (2019) | China | Furniture sector | 1.46 | t C/t C |
Hurmekoski et al. (2020) | Finland | Sawnwood in construction | 1.1 | t C/t C |
Hurmekoski et al. (2020) | Finland | Plywood in construction | 1.1 | t C/t C |