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Fig. 1 | Forest Ecosystems

Fig. 1

From: Twenty years of drought‐mediated change in snag populations in mixed‐conifer and ponderosa pine forests in Northern Arizona

Fig. 1

Trends in snag and tree populations in northern Arizona mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forest, 1997–2017. a Snag density by year; snags were sampled every five years. b Density of newly-recruited snags by 5-year interval between sampling occasions. Each year shown indicates the end of the 5-year interval represented. c Density of snags lost during each 5-year interval between sampling occasions. d Percentage of existing snags lost during each 5-year interval between sampling occasions. e Tree density by year; tree populations were sampled only in 2004 and 2014. Shown in all panels are Huber’s M–estimator (solid line), a generalized maximum–likelihood estimator that yields robust estimates of central tendency in distributions containing outliers (Huber and Ronchetti 2009), and lower and upper bounds (dashed lines) of bias-corrected confidence intervals around M

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