Fig. 4

Mean (+SE) individual height, biomass and its allocation of fruiting (fr) and non-fruiting (nfr) V. vitis-idaea in ancient (AF) and recent (RF) pine forests (n = 100 per variant). Groups denoted by the same letters did not differ statistically significantly (p > 0.05) according to the Tukey posteriori tests. For models – see Table 4