Bridging mapping and simulation modelling in the ecosystem service assessments of boreal forests: effects of bioenergy production on carbon dynamics

Forest Ecosystems

Table 2 The simulated mean ecosystem service indicators for the study area in 2012–2016 compared with measurements taken from the surrounding regions (SF stands for Southern Finland, KH for Kanta-Häme and HU for Häme-Uusimaa, respectively). The litter and soil carbon estimates from the BioSoil (BS) data were derived from Rantakari et al. (2012) and those of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) from the statistical database of the Natural Resources Institute Finland (2020)

Variable	Simulated		Measured
Variable	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Period	Area	Source
Soil carbon stock (kg C∙m⁻²)	8.5	0.02	6.7	3	2006	SF	BS
Soil carbon change (kg C∙m⁻²∙year⁻¹)	0.013	0.001	0.012	0.06	1985–2006	SF	BS
Biomass carbon stock (kg C∙m⁻²)	6.7	0.11	5.9	0.42	2009–2018	KH	NFI
Biomass carbon stock change (kg C∙m⁻²∙year ⁻¹)	0.071	0.004	0.041	0.005	2009–2018	KH	NFI
Timber harvest, all tree species (m³∙ha⁻¹∙year ^− 1)	5.2	0.12	4.9	0.55	2009–2014	HU	NFI
Energy-wood harvest, spruce (m³∙ha⁻¹∙year ^− 1)	0.14¹, 0.40²	0.01¹, 0.03²	0.27	0.04	2009–2014	HU	NFI

¹ Scenario 2 (only branches and tree tops), ² Scenario 3 (branches, tree tops and stumps)