Improved genetic distance-based spatial deployment can effectively minimize inbreeding in seed orchard

Forest Ecosystems

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of inbreeding level under the genetic distance-based IAPGA, RCB, and ONA designs for first (1st), second (2nd), and mixed generation seed orchards

Statistics	1st gen SO			2nd gen SO			Mixed gen SO
Statistics	IAPGA	RCB	ONA	IAPGA	RCB	ONA	IAPGA	RCB	ONA
Mean	3.624	4.155	3.907	3.471	4.260	3.802	3.652	4.187	3.984
Standard deviation (SD)	0.640	0.764	0.699	0.620	0.761	0.682	0.586	0.722	0.631
Variance	0.409	0.584	0.488	0.384	0.580	0.465	0.343	0.521	0.398
Minimal value	1.512	1.067	1.699	1.434	1.584	1.643	1.510	1.081	1.564
Maximum value	4.801	5.575	5.001	4.821	5.316	4.966	4.949	5.702	5.464
Sum	1565.760	1795.040	1687.689	1221. 900	1499.350	1338.368	3272.830	3751.960	3570.000
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1765	0.1839	0.1789	0.1786	0.1787	0.1793	0.1604	0.1723	0.1583
Relative percentage (%)	–	87.22	92.78	–	81.49	91.30	–	87.23	91.67

IAPGA Improved adaptive parallel genetic algorithm; RCB Randomized complete block design; ONA Optimum neighborhood algorithm. Relative percentage (RCB) = Sum (IAPGA)/Sum (RCB); Relative percentage (ONA) = Sum (IAPGA)/Sum (ONA)