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Forest Ecosystems
Fig. 4 | Forest Ecosystems

Fig. 4

From: Spatial pattern and driving factors of biomass carbon density for natural and planted coniferous forests in mountainous terrain, eastern Loess Plateau of China

Fig. 4

Multi-group structural equation model for natural and planted coniferous forests. The factors influencing the biomass carbon density (BCD) of natural and planted coniferous forests (NCFs and PCFs) include stand age (AGE), stand coverage (COV), elevation (ELE), latitude (LAT) and annual precipitation (PRCP). Solid arrows indicate significant paths (P < 0.05), while dashed arrows are non-significant paths. The numbers along the arrows are standardized regression weights indicating the effect size (black, significant; grey, non-significant). The thickness of the arrow is proportion to the size of the effect. R2 denotes the proportion of variation explained. Dark green arrows represent equal effect between NCFs (panel a) and PCFs (panel b); while dark red arrows represent unequal effect between NCFs (panel a) and PCFs (panel b)

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