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Table 2 ANOVA results showing the effects of treatment, time, and the interaction of treatment and time on the inventoried vegetation in a mixed-pine forest ecosystem in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA

From: Regeneration patterns of key pine species in a mixed-pine forest indicate a positive effect of variable retention harvesting and an increase in recruitment with time

Vegetation

Treatment

Time

Treatment × Time

Retention comparisons

Red pine

F = 4.5, P = 0.01

F = 8.0, P = 0.005

F = 3.5, P = 0.03

P = 0.96

Eastern white pine

F = 8.3, P = 0.0004

F = 1.27, P = 0.26

F = 0.9, P = 0.40

P = 0.87

Jack pine

F = 1.4, P = 0.23

F = 5.9, P = 0.02

F = 1.4, P = 0.23

P = 0.99

Red maple

F = 9.3, P = 0.0002

F = 5.4, P = 0.02

F = 0.3, P = 0.71

P = 0.004

Northern red oak

F = 3.4, P = 0.04

F = 9.0, P = 0.003

F = 0.4, P = 0.68

P = 0.76

Aspen (quaking & bigtooth)

F = 6.3, P = 0.003

F = 11.8, P = 0.0008

F = 1.8, P = 0.17

P = 0.62

Balsam fir

F = 1.8, P = 0.17

F = 0.5, P = 0.49

F = 0.7, P = 0.49

P = 0.18

Black spruce

F = 9.6, P = 0.0001

F = 1.8, P = 0.19

F = 1.1, P = 0.34

P = 0.97

Shrubs

F = 0.2, P = 0.82

F = 133.4, P < 0.001

F = 0.6, P = 0.57

P = 0.81

Herbs

F = 2.5, P = 0.08

F = 75.7, P < 0.001

F = 3.9, P = 0.02

P = 0.32

Ferns

F = 3.2, P = 0.04

F = 173.3, P < 0.001

F = 2.3, P = 0.10

P = 0.09