Fig. 4

a Distribution of major vegetation types in the study area, extracted from the ‘Vegetation Regionalization Map of China’ (The Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China 2007); and MC2 model simulated vegetation map of b current (2000–2015) and future (2090–2100) under c RCP 4.5 and d RCP 8.5 climate scenarios. The small amount of white areas is snow covered or bare land modeled by MC2 model