Fig. 2

a Changes over time in net diversity effect, and its additive components, complementarity and selection effects, on aboveground stand biomass (t·ha^− 1). The crosses indicate observed values. The lines indicate fitted models, where linear model was selected for the net diversity effect and exponential models for the complementarity and selection effects. The shaded areas show the 95% confidence intervals of the fitted models. b Survival rates of three tree species in the monoculture and mixture plots. The circles and crosses indicate the observed values, calculated as L/(L + D), where L and D are the numbers of live and dead trees, respectively. Asterisks indicate significant differences in survival rates among treatments (monoculture vs. mixture) in each measurement year, as tested by generalized linear models with ‘treatment’ and ‘species identity’ as explanatory variables (see Table S4 for the results on species identity): ***, P < 0.001; n.s., P ≥ 0.05