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Table 4 The relative rank values of r, AAE, max. AE, RMSE, RMSE%, Bias, Bias%, FI, AIC and BIC for the best predictive DLA models with best predictive number of neuron alternative according to each hidden layer choices, the ITH-DBH functions based on NLRM, M5 based on NLME with f random, FFB-ANN and CC-ANN

From: Innovative deep learning artificial intelligence applications for predicting relationships between individual tree height and diameter at breast height

AI alternatives and regression models

The number of hidden layers

RMSE

RMSE%

(%)

AIC

BIC

FI

AAE

Max. AE

BIAS

BIAS%

(%)

50 # neuron

3

6.854

6.854

7.698

7.698

6.057

9.495

1.051

5.916

5.916

57.538

90 # neuron

4

4.725

4.725

5.370

5.370

4.136

5.734

1.000

3.723

3.723

38.504

90 # neuron

5

3.556

3.556

4.042

4.042

3.121

4.467

6.035

1.748

1.748

32.315

100 # neuron

6

2.973

2.973

3.364

3.364

2.625

3.342

3.104

4.124

4.124

29.991

70 # neuron

7

3.541

3.541

4.024

4.024

3.108

4.963

1.687

1.335

1.335

27.559

90 # neuron

8

2.550

2.550

2.868

2.868

2.270

3.256

1.202

2.824

2.824

23.211

100 # neuron

9

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

2.349

1.362

1.362

11.073

80 # neuron

10

3.203

3.203

3.632

3.632

2.820

2.825

2.921

4.580

4.580

31.395

M1 NLRM

 

19.213

19.213

19.347

19.347

19.065

18.283

20.000

18.380

18.380

171.228

M2 NLRM

 

19.433

19.433

19.530

19.530

19.325

18.666

18.900

19.397

19.397

173.612

M3 NLRM

 

20.000

20.000

20.000

20.000

20.000

19.261

17.662

20.000

20.000

176.923

M4 NLRM

 

15.419

15.419

16.064

16.064

14.735

18.337

16.081

1.101

1.101

114.322

M5 NLRM

 

15.237

15.237

15.900

15.900

14.535

18.936

14.699

1.000

1.000

112.445

M6 NLRM

 

17.330

17.330

17.745

17.745

16.878

20.000

17.363

1.116

1.116

126.623

M7 NLRM

 

18.973

18.973

19.146

19.146

18.782

18.395

19.745

18.905

18.905

170.971

M5 NLME with f random

 

11.425

11.425

12.345

12.345

10.499

15.764

10.378

1.003

1.003

86.185

FFB-ANN based on A3 activation function alternative and 85 # neuron

12.027

12.027

12.925

12.925

11.117

15.814

3.025

2.201

2.201

84.263

CC-ANN based on A3 activation function alternative and 73 # neuron

11.679

11.679

12.591

12.591

10.759

14.623

5.849

1.983

1.983

83.736