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Fig. 4 | Forest Ecosystems

Fig. 4

From: Gap models across micro- to mega-scales of time and space: examples of Tansley’s ecosystem concept

Fig. 4

(a) UVAFME-simulated species-specific biomass (t C·ha− 1) at the USDA Forest Service’s Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Site site in southern Wyoming. Spruce beetle infestations of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) begin at simulation year 400. Cyclical dynamics can be seen over time in the spruce biomass as a result of cycles of infestation-related mortality. (b) Spruce-beetle killed Engelmann spruce biomass (t C·ha− 1·yr− 1) over time for the same simulation averaged across all 200 plots. The red line corresponds to a 10-year running average. Redrawn from Foster et al. (2018)

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