Impacts of fire severity and cattle grazing on early plant dynamics in old-growth Araucaria-Nothofagus forests

Forest Ecosystems

Table 1 Species richness and mean values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) and Pielou’s evenness index (J′) for each fire severity level and for each year of study

Year	Fire severity level	Richness	Richness comparison		Mean diversity index H′	Mean evenness index J′
Year	Fire severity level	Richness	±UN	p-value	Mean diversity index H′	Mean evenness index J′
2016	LS	34 _a	+ 3	0.377	2.13 _a	0.75 _a
	MS	15 _b	–16	0.006 ^**	0.98 _b^*	0.51 _a
	HS	14 _b	–17	0.004 ^**	1.16 _b	0.66 _a
2017	LS	37 _a	+ 6	0.232	2.11 _a	0.70 _a
	MS	20 _b	–11	0.007 ^**	1.15 _b^*	0.53 _b
	HS	21 _b	−10	0.041 ^*	1.32 _b	0.65 _ab
2018	LS	39 _a	+ 8	0.188	2.08 _a	0.68 _a
	MS	29 _ab	−2	0.340	1.35 _b	0.52 _b
	HS	24 _b	−7	0.050 ^*	1.44 _b	0.61 _ab

Species richness within the UN is 31, mean H′ is 1.77 and mean J′ is 0.63. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (at α = 0.05) between the periods of evaluation within each year, and the significant differences between LS, MS and HS compared to the UN are represented by ** for p < 0.01 and * for p < 0.05