Fig. 2

Conceptualization of the different forms of assisted migration (Park and Talbot 2018). The movement of populations within the current range of a species is generally defined as assisted population migration (APM) while moving individuals of a target species just outside its range to cope with changing environmental conditions is termed as assisted range expansion (ARE). Assisted species migration (ASM) occurs when a species is moved far outside its current distribution range. Less controversial than ASM, APM and ARE have already been adopted in seed transfer guidelines in many regions of the world (Pedlar et al. 2011; Konnert et al. 2015). Although it may involve substantial changes in policy and public perceptions, ASM might be a viable option to introduce specific functional traits and increase resilience in particular forest regions