Fig. 4

Illustration of climate envelope modelling results on the potential impact of future climatic projection (extreme CO₂ emission scenario AR4 A2) for 2100 on the direction of change in forest characteristics in north-eastern Canada and Fennoscandia; based on Fig. 2 in Gauthier et al. (2015a), where more details can be found. In brief, the potential change in biome type is illustrated after overlaying Whittaker’s (1975) terrestrial biome climate spaces on the mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of global circumboreal forests for the 1961-1990 and 2080-2090. 10-minute resolution monthly global climate data from CCCMA’s CGCM3.1 (T47) model were obtained from (Tabor and Williams 2010) periods. Data were averaged over the periods to derive MAT and MAP