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Forest Ecosystems
Fig. 8 | Forest Ecosystems

Fig. 8

From: Dead standing pine trees in a boreal forest landscape in the Kalevala National Park, northern Fennoscandia: amount, population characteristics and spatial pattern

Fig. 8

Examples of different kelo structures contributing to forest structural and substrate diversity. a A fairly recently died partly debarked tree (often fall of bark is accelerated by woodpecker foraging). b Old kelo tree with fire scarring and charred wood in the trunk base. c A kelo with a cavity. The tree was made hollow by the Boreal Carpenter Ant (Camponotus herculeanus). d A large hollow broken kelo tree; such hollow broken trees are used for nesting by e.g. the Great Grey Owl. Photographs by Timo Kuuluvainen

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