Fig. 4

Productivity and net ecosystem exchange over time for lower slope/ravine and upper slope/ridge forest (simulation results, 10 ha forest). a Productivity for ravine forest is split into tree gross primary productivity (GPP, black) and aboveground tree net primary productivity (ANPP, green). The green dots refer to field measurements (Werner and Homeier 2015, personal communication) used for validation. b Net ecosystem exchange over time for ravine forest. The lines in light colours represent the variation within the forest simulation (standard deviation for 10 simulation runs of 1 ha). For comparison, simulation results for the ridge forest (c-d) are also plotted (using the forest model parameterization from Dislich et al. 2009)