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Fig. 1 | Forest Ecosystems

Fig. 1

From: Indicators and tools for assessing sustainability impacts of the forest bioeconomy

Fig. 1

Tools for sustainability impact assessment, their approach (or “logic”) and examples of the indicators or data the tools may directly incorporate in the context forest bioeconomy. The pyramid above represents the process where tools provide information that can be processed further using multi-criteria analysis and/or using preferences and thresholds. The ultimate goal is to support decision making so that sustainability is reached. CBA = cost-benefit analysis, MFA = material flow analysis, ELCA = environmental life cycle assessment, LCC = Life cycle costing, SLCA = Social life cycle assessment and I-O = input-output analysis

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