Fig. 4

Annual time series for a composite ecosystem service index in three watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Grafton County, NH, USA. Watershed 6 is a reference watershed, watershed 4 underwent sequential strip clearcuts from 1970 to 1974, and watershed 5 was harvested using a whole-tree harvest treatment in 1983. The composite index is calculated as a hierarchical mean of rescaled measures of service provision, weighted by importance factors derived from a survey of beneficiaries, and serves as an indicator of the relative value of the entire portfolio of ecosystem services. Panel rows are defined by the level of secondary education attained by those beneficiaries whose responses were used to weight the index in that row. Panel columns are defined by whether harvested biomass for used for the production of long-lived wood products (LLWP) or ethanol. Products are not assumed to substitute for more fossil-fuel intensive products. The composite index is on a [0, 1] scale. The size of the datapoints is proportional to cumulative yield of biomass at each watershed at each point in time